Impacto de una intervención de educación prenatal en mujeres embarazadas para prevenir el sobrepeso en lactantes / Impact of a prenatal education intervention in pregnant women to prevent overweight in infants

Resumen Introducción: Durante los primeros 1000 días de vida se establece la base para la salud futura de un niño. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de una intervención educativa prenatal en mujeres embarazadas sobre el estado nutricional del hijo desde el nacimiento hasta los cuatro meses de edad. Métodos: Diseño cuasiexperimental de intervención con mujeres a partir de la semana 12 de gestación, asignadas aleatoriamente a un grupo de intervención (GI) para recibir cinco sesiones grupales y tres individuales sobre prácticas de alimentación y percepción materna del peso del hijo y de señales de hambre-saciedad; el grupo control (GC) recibió atención de rutina que incluía al menos tres consultas prenatales. Resultados: 30 mujeres conformaron cada grupo. Después de la intervención, las mujeres del GC practicaron menos lactancia materna exclusiva, fueron propensas a subestimar o sobrestimar el peso del hijo y percibieron con menor intensidad las señales de hambre-saciedad (p < 0.05). El 80 % de los lactantes del GI presentaron peso normal y 63 % de los niños del GC, una combinación de sobrepeso y obesidad (p < 0.05). Conclusiones: El programa de educación prenatal en mujeres embarazadas mostró un efecto significativo en el estado nutricional de los lactantes después de cuatro meses del nacimiento.

Abstract Introduction: During the first 1000 days of life is the basis for a child‘s future health established. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a prenatal educational intervention in pregnant women on the nutritional status of the child from birth to 4 months of age. Methods: Quasi-experimental intervention design in women with at least 12 weeks of gestation, who were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG) to participate in five group and three individual sessions on feeding practices and maternal perception of the child’s weight and signals of hunger-satiety; the control group (CG) received routine care that included at least three prenatal consultations. Results: Thirty women were included in each group. After the intervention, women in the CG practiced less exclusive breastfeeding, were more likely to underestimate and overestimate the children’s weight, and perceived hunger-satiety signals with less intensity (p < 0.05). 80 % of the infants in the IG had normal weight, whereas 63 % of those in the CG had a combination of overweight and obesity (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The prenatal education program in pregnant women showed a significant effect on postnatal nutritional status of infants four months after birth.

El plátano: indicador de hambre y escasez de alimentos en familias beneficiarias de programas alimentarios en Vigía del Fuerte, Colombia / Plantain: indicator of hunger and food shortage in families benefiting from food programs in Vigia del Fuerte, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Interpretar la percepción de hambre y escasez de alimentos en familias beneficiarias de Programas alimentarios MANA (Mejoramiento Alimentario y Nutricional de Antioquia) en Vigía del Fuerte. Método La investigación se orientó desde el enfoque cualitativo, usando la Etnografía Focalizada como método, para la recolección de la información se utilizaron entrevistas individuales y grupos de discusión. Resultados Las comunidades de la cuenca del río Murrí están protegidas del hambre física por la disponibilidad permanente del plátano; el hambre está asociada a la ausencia de carne o "liga" y al hecho de comer "plátano vacío"; así mismo se refieren al hambre como la sensación de desasosiego, debido al dolor de cabeza y de estómago que experimentan de manera permanente e intensa. Conclusiones A pesar de que las comunidades vigieñas disponen durante todo el tiempo de plátano, protegiéndolas del hambre física; estas no lo aprecian así, como alimento que calma su hambre y los libera, de cierta manera, de la escasez, porque su presencia como único alimento disponible, les recuerda, precisamente, que tienen carencia y hambre.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the perception of hunger and food shortage in families benefiting from MANA (Food and Nutritional Improvement) food programs in Vigía del Fuerte, Colombia. Methods Qualitative research, using focused ethnography as a method for collecting information. Individual interviews and discussion groups were used. Results Even though the communities that live by the Murrí River basin are protected from physical hunger due to the constant availability of plantain or musa, hunger is associated with the absence of meat or liga and the fact that they feel forced to eat empty musa. They also refer to hunger as the feeling of uneasiness caused by headache and stomachache. Conclusions Despite the fact that the communities of Vigía del Fuerte have access to plantain throughout the year, thus protecting them from physical hunger, they do not consider it as food that could calm their hunger and free them from scarcity. This happens because its presence as the only food available reminds them, precisely, that they lack certain conditions and feel hunger.(AU)

Effect of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery on Plasma Motilin Levels and Hunger in Obese Patients / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Validación factorial de un cuestionario para medir la conducta de comer en ausencia de hambre y su asociación con obesidad infantil / A questionnaire to measure eating behavior in the absence of hunger and its association with childhood obesity

Background: It has been observed that some psychological factors tend to stimulate food intake in the absence of hunger in obese children. objective: To evaluate whether obese children have a greater tendency to eat in the absence of hunger, in response to various emotional and environmental factors versus normal weight children. subjects and Methods: Obese patients were selected according to NCHS/CDC2000 (n = 49 and n = 99 for non-obese children), males and females in the age group of 6-12 years who consulted in the UC health network and also children that were evaluated in schools located in southeastern Santiago. The questionnaire "Eating in the absence of hunger" was used, which measures three subscales: external stimuli, fatigue/boredom and negative feelings. results: Factor analysis showed a significant degree of overlap between the "fatigue/boredom" and "negative feelings" subscales. Obese children had higher scores on "external stimuli" versus normal weight children (median 2.7 compared to 1.7, p < 0.001). In the "fatigue/boredom" subscale, scores of 2.5 versus 1.2 (p < 0.001) were obtained, while in "negative feelings", scores reported 2.0 versus 1.2 (p = 0.0013). Conclusions: Obese patients reported higher scores on the questionnaire "Eating in the absence of hunger" than non-obese children, identifying modifiable and educable stimuli that could prevent this eating behavior.

Introducción: Se ha observado que en los niños obesos, algunos factores psicológicos tienden a estimular la ingesta de alimentos en ausencia de hambre. objetivo: Evaluar si los niños obesos presentan mayor tendencia a comer en ausencia de hambre, en respuesta a distintos factores emocionales y ambientales, en comparación con niños normopeso. Pacientes y Método: Se seleccionaron pacientes obesos según NCHS/CDC2000 (n = 49) y normopeso (n = 99) de ambos sexos y con edades entre 6-12 años, que consultaron en forma espontánea en la Red de Salud UC y niños evaluados en colegios del sector suroriente de Santiago. Se aplicó el cuestionario "Comer en ausencia de hambre" que mide tres subescalas: Estímulos externos, cansancio/aburrimiento y sentimientos negativos. resultados: El análisis factorial reveló un importante grado de solapamiento entre las ponderaciones de las subescalas "cansancio/aburrimiento" y "sentimientos negativos". Los niños con obesidad presentaron mayores puntajes en la dimensión "estímulos externos" que los niños normopeso (mediana de 2,7 versus 1,7; p < 0,001). En "cansancio/aburrimiento" se obtuvieron puntajes de 2,5 versus 1,2 (p < 0,001) mientras que en "sentimientos negativos" los puntajes fueron 2,0 versus 1,2 (p = 0,0013). Conclusiones: Los pacientes obesos presentaron mayores puntajes en la encuesta alimentaria "Comer en ausencia de hambre" que los niños normopeso, pudiendo identificarse estímulos modificables y educables que podrían prevenir esta conducta alimentaria.

Trastornos alimentarios del lactante y preescolar / Eating disorders in nursing and preschool children

Eating disorders among nursing and preschool children are a common cause of outpatient consultation in pediatrics and nutrition. It is essential to rule out organic causes, especially when there is nutritional involvement. Among non-organic causes there are several subtypes depending upon the trigger. Environmental and nutritional factors can be modified. Curiously, many of them are directly related to the perception of hunger and satiety the individual will develop from childhood.

Los trastornos de la alimentación en el lactante y preescolar siguen siendo un motivo frecuente de consulta en policlínicos de pediatría y nutrición infantil. Descartar causas orgánicas, sobre todo cuando existe compromiso nutricional, es de fundamental importancia. Dentro de los trastornos de origen no orgánico existen varios subtipos dependiendo de la causa desencadenante. Muchos factores involucrados tanto ambientales como nutri-cionales, son susceptibles de ser modificados. Curiosamente, muchos de ellos se relacionan directamente con la capacidad de percepción de las sensaciones de hambre y saciedad que el individuo desarrollará desde niño.

Serotonina e controle hipotalâmico da fome: uma revisão / Serotonin and hypothalamic control of hunger: a review

Este trabalho revisa a participação do sistema serotonérgico no controle da ingestão de alimentos e saciedade. É de grande interesse compreender a relevância desse sistema para o controle fisiológico do balanço energético e da obesidade. Mais de 35 anos de pesquisas sugerem que a serotonina (5-HT) desempenha um importante papel na saciedade. Assim, o sistema serotonérgico tem sido um alvo viável para o controle de peso. A 5-HT apresenta controle sobre a fome e a saciedade através de diversos receptores, com diferentes funções. O receptor 5-HT2C parece ser o mais importante na relação entre ingestão alimentar e balanço energético. Nesta revisão serão discutidos os mecanismos do sistema serotonérgico envolvidos no controle da ingestão de alimentos e saciedade.

This paper reviews involvement of the serotonergic system in the control of food intake and satiety. It is of great interest to understand the relevance of this system for physiological control of energy balance and obesity. Over 35 years of research suggest that serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in satiety. Thus, the serotonergic system has been a viable target for weight control. The 5-HT has control over hunger and satiety through different receptors with distinct functions. The 5-HT2C receptor may be more important in the relationship between food intake and energy balance. This review will discuss the mechanisms of the serotonergic system involved in the control of food intake and satiety.

Regulação endócrina de curto prazo de hormônios relacionados à fome em mulheres obesas que apresentam episódios de compulsão alimentar / Short-term endocrine regulation of hunger related hormones in obese women with binge eating episodes

A compulsão alimentar está associada a diversas doenças, entre elas, a obesidade. Com o intuito de pesquisar a diferença hormonal ligada ao controle da fome e da saciedade associada ao episódio de compulsão alimentar (ECA), avaliou-se a concentração sérica dos hormônios que regulam, este processo em mulheres adultas. Métodos: O estudo experimental foi composto de 3 grupos (n=23), sendo: grupo Eutrófico (GE;n=8), grupo obeso sem ECA (GO;n=7) e obesas com ECA (ECA;n=8). Todas as mulheres que participaram do estudo freqüentavam os serviços de saúde da Policlínica Piquet Carneiro. Foram dosados os hormônios: Grelina Total, Glucagon, Adiponectina, Amilina, Peptídeo C, GLP-1, Insulina e Leptina séricos nos tempos: jejum, 15 e 60 minutos após a ingestão da refeição fornecida. As refeições ingeridas foram controladas em energia, 55% carboidratos, 15% proteínas, 30% lipídios. Os dados foram analisados como valores médios por grupo em software SAS, considerando p<0,05. Resultados: A idade das mulheres estudadas variou de 32 a 50 anos. A concentração de adipon ectina encontrada, que é inversamente proporcional a adiposidade, foi significativamente menor no grupo ECA em relação aos demais grupos (P=0,01). Em relação à leptina, o grupo GO apresentou concentração maior em relação aos demais grupos (P<0,0001). Já, a concentração de grelina encontrada foi significativamente menor no grupo ECA em relação aos demais grupos (p=0,02). Foram encontradas concentrações significativamente maiores de insulina no grupo GO em relação aos demais grupos (p=0,04). A concentração de amilina encontrada foi significativamente maior no grupo GO em relação aos outros grupos (p=0,01). A concentração de GLP-1 encontrada no grupo GO foi maior em média, porém esta diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (p=0,25). A concentração de Peptídeo C encontrada no grupo GO foi maior em relação aos outros grupos (p=0,003). Apesar da concentração de Glucagon no grupo ECA...

Binge eating is associated to several diseases, including obesity. In order to study the hormonal control of hunger and satiety that is commonly involved in binge-eating process: we evaluated the serum concentration of these hormones in adult women. Methods: The experimenal study was composed of 3 groups, n=23: Lean (GE, n=8), Obese without binge (GO, n=7) and obese with binge (BEE, n=8). All women who participated in the study attended the health services of the Polyclinic Piquet Carneiro. Serum hormones were assayed: total ghrelin, glucagon, adiponectin, Amylin, c-Peptide, glucagon like peptide (GLP-1), insulin and Leptin in fasting, 15 and 60 minutes after food intake. Meals were controlled in energy, 55% carbohidrates, 15% protein, 30% lipids. Data were analyzed as average values per group in SAS software, considering p<0.05. Results: Women's age ranged from 32 to 50 years. The adiponectin concentration, which is inversely proportional to adiposity, was significantly lower in BEE group than the other groups (p=0.01). Leptin of the GO group presented higher concentration than the others (p<0.0001). Ghrelin concentration was significantly lower in BEE group than the other groups (p=0.02). We found a significantly higher concentration of insulin in GO group in comparison to the others (p=0.04). Amylin concentration was significantly higher in GO group in comparison to the other groups (p=0.01). GLP-1 concentration of GO group was higher on average, but not statistically significant between groups (p=0.25). C-peptide concentration found in GO group was higher than the others (p=0.003). Despita glucagon concentration in the BEE group was greater than the other groups, these values were not statistically different (p=0.13). Conclusion: Our findings shown that BEE group have different hormonal profile than GO and GE. The lowest concentration of ghrelin found in BEE group and the hithest concentration of insulin, C-peptide and amylin found in both obese...

long-term hunger [Ramadan model] a risk factor for acute appendicitis?

To investigate whether long-term hunger and the changes in nutritional routines during Ramadan constitute risk factors in acute appendicitis on the model of Ramadan fasting in this study. This retrospective study was carried out in 2 different hospitals [Istanbul Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital and Kars State Hospital, Kars, Turkey] between January 2004 and December 2007. The data obtained from the patients were classified according to age, gender, age group, and pathological characteristics of the appendix. The data obtained during the Ramadan fasting period was compared with the periods before and after. Nine hundred and ninety-two of the 4288 patients who received a diagnosis of acute appendicitis during the 4 years received their diagnosis during the 3 periods. Three hundred sixty-eight [37.1%] patients underwent surgery before Ramadan, 318 [32.1%] during, and 306 [30.8%] after. No significant difference was observed in terms of perforated and non-perforated AA frequency, age, age group, and gender [p>0.05]. There are changes in the nutritional routines during the Ramadan fasting period due to long-term hunger; and limitations were seen in the fluid and food intake. We detected that these changes did not constitute risk factors for acute appendicitis formation as a result of our study

Influencias culturales en el régimen alimentario del venezolano / Cultural influences in the diet of venezuelans

La historia de la alimentación es el estudio del origen, la formación, la vigencia y los cambios del o de los regímenes alimentarios de una sociedad. El régimen es un modelo cultural cuya formación, vigencia, decadencia y transformación se dan históricamente a un ritmo lento. La tecnología, el desarrollo cultural y las costumbres higiénico-sanitarias de los grupos sociales influyen en la conformación del régimen alimentario. En la sociedad humana los intercambios son tan frecuentes que sería casi imposible hablar de autarquía alimentaria. La alimentación como proceso biocultural es el resultado de la interacción entre necesidades y conductas; por esa razón se produjo una penetración de nuevos alimentos en la dieta de los pobladores autóctonos del territorio venezolano pero también los europeos incorporaron nuevos rubros a su dieta. Sin embargo, los alimentos de los conquistadores siempre fueron vistos con supremacía sobre los comestibles indígenas y originaron todo un cambio alimentario en el régimen criollo. Posterior a la conquista, las distintas olas de inmigrantes aportaron aspectos particulares que contribuyeron al incremento de la variedad gastronómica y a la diversidad en los hábitos de consumo del venezolano. Las modificaciones en el ámbito alimentario afectaron el régimen en términos de producción y consumo. En este sentido, las inmigraciones constituyeron vasos comunicantes que fomentaron los cambios alimentarios. El acogimiento de un pueblo de los rasgos alimentarios de otro se conoce como transculturación alimentaria. En el país, eso ha sido una constante. Algunos cambios fueron temporales pero otros calaron profundamente fusionándose con lo propio para generar nuevos modelos y culturas. Además incidieron en los actores de los distintos componentes que conforman el sistema agroalimentario nacional. La transculturación, entendida como un proceso inevitable del mundo multipolar, representa una fuente para expandir los límites del régimen alimentario...

Nutrition history studies the origin, development, validity and changes in the dietary habit(s) of a society. Technology, cultural development and hygienic habits of social groups have a big influence in shaping the dietary customs. Exchanges in human society are so frequent that it would be almost impossible to consider dietary habits in isolation. There was a penetration of new foods in the diet of Venezuelan indigenous inhabitants but also Europeans introduced new items to their diet. However, the foods of the conquerors were dominant over the indigenous foods causing a change that directly influenced the new dietary habits. After the conquest, the various waves of immigrants contributed with particularities that increased the Venezuelan gastronomic variety. Changes in the food sector affected production and consumption. In this sense, immigration represents a link that promotes dietary changes. The adoption of foreign dietary habits is known as alimentary transculturation and in the country this process has been a constant. Some changes have had only a temporary effect but others have merged to generate new models. These changes have been able to influence the agents that integrate the national agroalimentary system. Based on the history it can be argued that alimentary transculturation, understood as an inevitable process in a multipolar world, represents a way to expand the boundaries of diet. However, recovery of national values, within the context of cultural diversity, must be the goal to consolidate a country identity that does not deepen the differences, but on the contrary, nourishes from them.

Tabagismo e variação ponderal: a fisiopatologia e genética podem explicar esta associação?: [revisão] / Smoking and changes in body weight: can physiopathology and genetics explain this association?: [review]

O tabagismo é a principal causa de morte prevenível na maioria dos países, inclusive no Brasil. Parar de fumar é uma estratégia importante para reduzir a morbidade e mortalidade associada às doenças tabaco-relacionadas. Sabe-se da relação inversa entre uso de nicotina e peso corporal, onde o índice de massa corporal tende a ser menor em fumantes quando comparados aos não fumantes. Além disso, abstinência tabágica resulta em aumento de peso, sendo que ex-fumantes geralmente aumentam de 5 a 6 kg, mas cerca de 10 por cento adquirem mais de 10 kg. O tratamento farmacológico para a cessação do tabagismo pode atenuar este ganho de peso. O aumento de peso na cessação do tabagismo como contributório à epidemia de obesidade é pouco estudado. Nos EUA, calcula-se que a fração do problema atribuível à cessação do tabagismo seja de 6 por cento para homens e 3,2 por cento para mulheres. Os mecanismos não são claros, mas há evidências mostrando que a dopamina e serotonina diminuem a ingestão alimentar. A administração de nicotina por qualquer via eleva agudamente os níveis destes neurotransmissores no cérebro, causando menor necessidade de ingestão energética e diminuindo o apetite. Além disso, a nicotina tem efeito direto no metabolismo do tecido adiposo, influenciando a taxa de ganho ponderal após a cessação do tabagismo. A leptina, grelina e neuropeptídio Y são peptídeos que podem contribuir para esta relação inversa entre nicotina e índice de massa corporal, em um papel ainda não determinado como conseqüente ou causador das variações ponderais.

Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in most countries, including Brazil. Smoking cessation is an important strategy for reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco-related diseases. An inverse relationship between nicotine use and body weight has been reported, in which body weight tends to be lower among smokers than among nonsmokers. Smoking abstinence results in an increase in body weight for both males and females. On average, sustained quitters gain from 5 to 6 kg, although approximately 10 percent gain more than 10 kg. Pharmacological treatment for smoking cessation attenuates weight gain. The importance of smoking cessation as a contributing cause of the current obesity epidemic has been little studied. In the USA, the rate of obesity attributable to smoking cessation has been estimated at approximately 6.0 and 3.2 percent for males and females, respectively. Although the mechanisms are unclear, there is evidence that dopamine and serotonin are appetite suppressants. The administration of nicotine, regardless of the delivery system, acutely raises the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain, reducing the need for energy intake and consequently suppressing appetite. In addition, nicotine has a direct effect on adipose tissue metabolism, influencing the rate of weight gain following smoking cessation. Leptin, ghrelin and neuropeptide Y are substances that might constitute factors involved in the inverse relationship between nicotine and body mass index, although their roles as determinants or consequences of this relationship have yet to be determined.

The negative effects of poverty & food insecurity on child development.

This paper addresses the importance of the first three years of life to the developing child, examines the importance of early childhood nutrition and the detrimental effects on child health and development due to poverty and food insecurity. As development experts learn more about the importance of the first three years of life, there is growing recognition that investments in early education, maternal-child attachment and nurturance, and more creative nutrition initiatives are critical to help break the cycle of poverty. Even the slightest forms of food insecurity can affect a young child's development and learning potential. The result is the perpetuation of another generation in poverty. Conceptualizing the poorly developed child as an embodiment of injustice helps ground the two essential frameworks needed to address food insecurity and child development: the capability approach and the human rights framework. The capability approach illuminates the dynamics that exist between poverty and child development through depicting poverty as capability deprivation and hunger as failure in the system of entitlements. The human rights framework frames undernutrition and poor development of young children as intolerable for moral and legal reasons, and provides a structure through which governments and other agencies of the State and others can be held accountable for redressing such injustices. Merging the development approach with human rights can improve and shape the planning, approach, monitoring and evaluation of child development while establishing international accountability in order to enhance the potential of the world's youngest children.

El pediatra ante el hambre oculta / Hidden hunger and the pediatrician

El hambre o desnutrición oculta, es la desnutrición que no es evidente ni fácil de diagnosticar. Los rasgos más importantes son alteraciones de micronutrientes en ausencia de síntomas clínicos y disminución de las reservas calóricas. Los indicadores que reflejan son bioquímicos con ferritina, vitamina A y excresión de yodo y de composición corporal como pliegues subcútaneos y área grasa del brazo. La deficiencia de hierro, aún sin anemia, es la carencia nutricional más frecuente tanto en el mundo como en Venezuela y afecta principalmente a mujeres en edad fértil, embarazadas y en lactancia y a niños lactantes y prescolares; en estos puede causar déficit psicomotor, disminución en atención, memoria, capacidad de trabajo y productividad. La deficiencia de vitamina A causa ceguera infantil en países en vías de desarrollo y aumenta la morbilidad y mortalidad por infecciones. Los desordenes por Deficiencia de Yodo (DDY) han disminuido y su eliminación y el control de la deficiencia de vitamina A es factible. La deficiencia de hierro es más difícil de controlar, debido a factores, dietarios (como baja disponibilidad de hierro, alta presencia de inhibidores y baja presencia de facilitadores de la absorción), infecciones a repetición y a un monitoreo inadecuado. La educación en nutrición es fundamental para la prevención así como una dieta variada. En el país se ha establecido el programa del enriquecimiento de las harinas con hierro, vitamina A y otras vitaminas, y el programa de sal yodada. Para disminuir a corto plazo la deficiencia de hierro en los lactantes y en las embarazadas, se requiere de acciones concretas enmarcados en una política de salud

Nutritional deficiencies and subsequent effects on mental and behavioral development in children.

Nutritional deficiencies at all stages of growth, both pre- and post-natal, can affect a child's physical, mental and behavioral development. In this paper, we review literature about how mental development is affected by the following nutritional conditions: low birth weight, mild, moderate, and severe protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, and iron deficiency.

Similitudes psicométricas entre madres e hijas consultantes por sobrepeso y obesidad: personalidad y conducta alimentaria / Psycometric equivalences between mothers and daugthers consulting by over weight and obesity: personality and food behavior

Este trabajo describe similitudes en las variables del Cuestionario de Conducta Alimentaria (Restricción, Desinhibición, Hambre), el Cuestionario de Personalidad de Eysenck (EPQ_R) (Neuroticismo, Extraversión, Psicoticismo y Escala de Mentira) y la Escala de Alexitimia de Toronto en 11 díadas madre-hija primogénitas, una de cuyos integrantes consultó por sobrepeso. Se usó la prueba de Wilcoxon para muestras pareadas y los coeficientes de correlación de rangos de Spearman. No hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las medias de estas evaluaciones. Las correlaciones significativas entre las variables coinciden en ambos grupos. El estudio multidimencional se basó en un análisis de componentes principales no paramétrico con individuos suplementarios. Las tres primeras componentes principales resumen el 80,4 por ciento de la variabilidad de los datos ordenados según rangos en el grupo de las madres, que se correlacionan con las respectivas evaluaciones en las hijas